diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/bank_transaction/bank_transaction.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/bank_transaction/bank_transaction.py
index 94a66d7..4354f23 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/bank_transaction/bank_transaction.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/bank_transaction/bank_transaction.py
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
 					frappe.throw(_("Voucher {0} is over-allocated by {1}").format(unallocated_amount))
 
 		for payment_entry in to_remove:
-			self.remove(to_remove)
+			self.remove(payment_entry)
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
 	def remove_payment_entries(self):
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/budget/budget.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/budget/budget.py
index 15d51d4..b585f40 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/budget/budget.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/budget/budget.py
@@ -378,12 +378,9 @@
 
 		args.update(lft_rgt)
 
-		condition2 = """and exists(select name from `tab{doctype}`
+		condition2 = f"""and exists(select name from `tab{args.budget_against_doctype}`
 			where lft>=%(lft)s and rgt<=%(rgt)s
-			and name=gle.{budget_against_field})""".format(
-			doctype=args.budget_against_doctype,
-			budget_against_field=budget_against_field,  # nosec
-		)
+			and name=gle.{budget_against_field})"""
 	else:
 		condition2 = f"""and exists(select name from `tab{args.budget_against_doctype}`
 		where name=gle.{budget_against_field} and
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/invoice_discounting/test_invoice_discounting.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/invoice_discounting/test_invoice_discounting.py
index 65e3c3d..01050c0 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/invoice_discounting/test_invoice_discounting.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/invoice_discounting/test_invoice_discounting.py
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@
 		gle = get_gl_entries("Invoice Discounting", inv_disc.name)
 
 		expected_gle = {inv.debit_to: [0.0, 200], self.ar_credit: [200, 0.0]}
-		for _i, gle in enumerate(gle):
-			self.assertEqual([gle.debit, gle.credit], expected_gle.get(gle.account))
+		for _i, gle_value in enumerate(gle):
+			self.assertEqual([gle_value.debit, gle_value.credit], expected_gle.get(gle_value.account))
 
 	def test_loan_on_submit(self):
 		inv = create_sales_invoice(rate=300)
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_entry/test_payment_entry.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_entry/test_payment_entry.py
index aaa4e49..0b3037a 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_entry/test_payment_entry.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_entry/test_payment_entry.py
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 
 				supplier.on_hold = 0
 				supplier.save()
-			except:
+			except Exception:
 				pass
 			else:
 				raise Exception
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_ledger_entry/test_payment_ledger_entry.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_ledger_entry/test_payment_ledger_entry.py
index c867e68..3eac98d 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_ledger_entry/test_payment_ledger_entry.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_ledger_entry/test_payment_ledger_entry.py
@@ -84,11 +84,14 @@
 			self.customer = customer.name
 
 	def create_sales_invoice(
-		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
+		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in sales invoice
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		sinv = create_sales_invoice(
 			qty=qty,
 			rate=rate,
@@ -112,10 +115,12 @@
 		)
 		return sinv
 
-	def create_payment_entry(self, amount=100, posting_date=nowdate()):
+	def create_payment_entry(self, amount=100, posting_date=None):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in payment entry
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
 		payment = create_payment_entry(
 			company=self.company,
 			payment_type="Receive",
@@ -128,9 +133,10 @@
 		payment.posting_date = posting_date
 		return payment
 
-	def create_sales_order(
-		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
-	):
+	def create_sales_order(self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False):
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		so = make_sales_order(
 			company=self.company,
 			transaction_date=posting_date,
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_reconciliation/test_payment_reconciliation.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_reconciliation/test_payment_reconciliation.py
index 983cdc4..8b55c11 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_reconciliation/test_payment_reconciliation.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/payment_reconciliation/test_payment_reconciliation.py
@@ -126,11 +126,14 @@
 			setattr(self, x.attribute, acc.name)
 
 	def create_sales_invoice(
-		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
+		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in sales invoice
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		sinv = create_sales_invoice(
 			qty=qty,
 			rate=rate,
@@ -154,10 +157,13 @@
 		)
 		return sinv
 
-	def create_payment_entry(self, amount=100, posting_date=nowdate(), customer=None):
+	def create_payment_entry(self, amount=100, posting_date=None, customer=None):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in payment entry
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		payment = create_payment_entry(
 			company=self.company,
 			payment_type="Receive",
@@ -171,11 +177,14 @@
 		return payment
 
 	def create_purchase_invoice(
-		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
+		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in sales invoice
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		pinv = make_purchase_invoice(
 			qty=qty,
 			rate=rate,
@@ -200,11 +209,14 @@
 		return pinv
 
 	def create_purchase_order(
-		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
+		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in sales invoice
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		pord = create_purchase_order(
 			qty=qty,
 			rate=rate,
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/pos_invoice_merge_log/pos_invoice_merge_log.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/pos_invoice_merge_log/pos_invoice_merge_log.py
index fb91672..7501df0 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/pos_invoice_merge_log/pos_invoice_merge_log.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/pos_invoice_merge_log/pos_invoice_merge_log.py
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
 
 		if closing_entry:
 			closing_entry.set_status(update=True, status="Failed")
-			if type(error_message) == list:
+			if isinstance(error_message, list):
 				error_message = frappe.json.dumps(error_message)
 			closing_entry.db_set("error_message", error_message)
 		raise
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_payment_reconciliation/process_payment_reconciliation.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_payment_reconciliation/process_payment_reconciliation.py
index 5ae6f64..068cb78 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_payment_reconciliation/process_payment_reconciliation.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_payment_reconciliation/process_payment_reconciliation.py
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@
 def is_any_doc_running(for_filter: str | dict | None = None) -> str | None:
 	running_doc = None
 	if for_filter:
-		if type(for_filter) == str:
+		if isinstance(for_filter, str):
 			for_filter = frappe.json.loads(for_filter)
 
 		running_doc = frappe.db.get_value(
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_subscription/process_subscription.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_subscription/process_subscription.py
index f0a2244..b4d18a3 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_subscription/process_subscription.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/process_subscription/process_subscription.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2023, Frappe Technologies Pvt. Ltd. and contributors
 # For license information, please see license.txt
 
-from datetime import datetime
-
 import frappe
 from frappe.model.document import Document
 from frappe.utils import getdate
 
-from erpnext.accounts.doctype.subscription.subscription import process_all
+from erpnext.accounts.doctype.subscription.subscription import DateTimeLikeObject, process_all
 
 
 class ProcessSubscription(Document):
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@
 
 
 def create_subscription_process(
-	subscription: str | None = None, posting_date: str | datetime.date | None = None
+	subscription: str | None = None, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None
 ):
 	"""Create a new Process Subscription document"""
 	doc = frappe.new_doc("Process Subscription")
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/purchase_invoice/test_purchase_invoice.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/purchase_invoice/test_purchase_invoice.py
index 879aa21..6f7ab21 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/purchase_invoice/test_purchase_invoice.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/purchase_invoice/test_purchase_invoice.py
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
 
 				supplier.on_hold = 0
 				supplier.save()
-			except:
+			except Exception:
 				pass
 			else:
 				raise Exception
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/sales_invoice/test_sales_invoice.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/sales_invoice/test_sales_invoice.py
index 2c937cd..2e28b76 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/sales_invoice/test_sales_invoice.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/sales_invoice/test_sales_invoice.py
@@ -3644,41 +3644,6 @@
 	)
 
 
-def get_sales_invoice_for_e_invoice():
-	si = make_sales_invoice_for_ewaybill()
-	si.naming_series = "INV-2020-.#####"
-	si.items = []
-	si.append(
-		"items",
-		{
-			"item_code": "_Test Item",
-			"uom": "Nos",
-			"warehouse": "_Test Warehouse - _TC",
-			"qty": 2000,
-			"rate": 12,
-			"income_account": "Sales - _TC",
-			"expense_account": "Cost of Goods Sold - _TC",
-			"cost_center": "_Test Cost Center - _TC",
-		},
-	)
-
-	si.append(
-		"items",
-		{
-			"item_code": "_Test Item 2",
-			"uom": "Nos",
-			"warehouse": "_Test Warehouse - _TC",
-			"qty": 420,
-			"rate": 15,
-			"income_account": "Sales - _TC",
-			"expense_account": "Cost of Goods Sold - _TC",
-			"cost_center": "_Test Cost Center - _TC",
-		},
-	)
-
-	return si
-
-
 def check_gl_entries(doc, voucher_no, expected_gle, posting_date, voucher_type="Sales Invoice"):
 	gl = frappe.qb.DocType("GL Entry")
 	q = (
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/subscription/subscription.py b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/subscription/subscription.py
index a241e82..81817c2 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/doctype/subscription/subscription.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/doctype/subscription/subscription.py
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 # For license information, please see license.txt
 
 
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from datetime import date
 
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@
 	pass
 
 
-DateTimeLikeObject = Union[str, datetime.date]
+DateTimeLikeObject = str | date
 
 
 class Subscription(Document):
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@
 		# update start just before the subscription doc is created
 		self.update_subscription_period(self.start_date)
 
-	def update_subscription_period(self, date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None):
+	def update_subscription_period(self, date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None):
 		"""
 		Subscription period is the period to be billed. This method updates the
 		beginning of the billing period and end of the billing period.
@@ -99,13 +98,13 @@
 		self.current_invoice_start = self.get_current_invoice_start(date)
 		self.current_invoice_end = self.get_current_invoice_end(self.current_invoice_start)
 
-	def _get_subscription_period(self, date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None):
+	def _get_subscription_period(self, date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None):
 		_current_invoice_start = self.get_current_invoice_start(date)
 		_current_invoice_end = self.get_current_invoice_end(_current_invoice_start)
 
 		return _current_invoice_start, _current_invoice_end
 
-	def get_current_invoice_start(self, date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> datetime.date | str:
+	def get_current_invoice_start(self, date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> DateTimeLikeObject:
 		"""
 		This returns the date of the beginning of the current billing period.
 		If the `date` parameter is not given , it will be automatically set as today's
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@
 
 		return _current_invoice_start
 
-	def get_current_invoice_end(self, date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> datetime.date | str:
+	def get_current_invoice_end(self, date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> DateTimeLikeObject:
 		"""
 		This returns the date of the end of the current billing period.
 		If the subscription is in trial period, it will be set as the end of the
@@ -222,7 +221,7 @@
 
 		return data
 
-	def set_subscription_status(self, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> None:
+	def set_subscription_status(self, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> None:
 		"""
 		Sets the status of the `Subscription`
 		"""
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@
 
 	@staticmethod
 	def period_has_passed(
-		end_date: str | datetime.date, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None
+		end_date: DateTimeLikeObject, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None
 	) -> bool:
 		"""
 		Returns true if the given `end_date` has passed
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@
 
 		return status
 
-	def is_past_grace_period(self, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> bool:
+	def is_past_grace_period(self, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> bool:
 		"""
 		Returns `True` if the grace period for the `Subscription` has passed
 		"""
@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@
 		grace_period = cint(frappe.get_value("Subscription Settings", None, "grace_period"))
 		return getdate(posting_date) >= getdate(add_days(self.current_invoice.due_date, grace_period))
 
-	def current_invoice_is_past_due(self, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> bool:
+	def current_invoice_is_past_due(self, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> bool:
 		"""
 		Returns `True` if the current generated invoice is overdue
 		"""
@@ -377,9 +376,9 @@
 
 	def generate_invoice(
 		self,
-		from_date: str | datetime.date | None = None,
-		to_date: str | datetime.date | None = None,
-		posting_date: str | datetime.date | None = None,
+		from_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
+		to_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
+		posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
 	) -> Document:
 		"""
 		Creates a `Invoice` for the `Subscription`, updates `self.invoices` and
@@ -390,9 +389,9 @@
 
 	def create_invoice(
 		self,
-		from_date: str | datetime.date | None = None,
-		to_date: str | datetime.date | None = None,
-		posting_date: str | datetime.date | None = None,
+		from_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
+		to_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
+		posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
 	) -> Document:
 		"""
 		Creates a `Invoice`, submits it and returns it
@@ -572,7 +571,7 @@
 		return items
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def process(self, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> bool:
+	def process(self, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> bool:
 		"""
 		To be called by task periodically. It checks the subscription and takes appropriate action
 		as need be. It calls either of these methods depending the `Subscription` status:
@@ -597,7 +596,7 @@
 
 		self.save()
 
-	def can_generate_new_invoice(self, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> bool:
+	def can_generate_new_invoice(self, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> bool:
 		if self.cancelation_date:
 			return False
 
@@ -619,8 +618,8 @@
 
 	def is_current_invoice_generated(
 		self,
-		_current_start_date: datetime.date | str | None = None,
-		_current_end_date: datetime.date | str | None = None,
+		_current_start_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
+		_current_end_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None,
 	) -> bool:
 		if not (_current_start_date and _current_end_date):
 			_current_start_date, _current_end_date = self._get_subscription_period(
@@ -716,7 +715,7 @@
 		self.save()
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def restart_subscription(self, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> None:
+	def restart_subscription(self, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> None:
 		"""
 		This sets the subscription as active. The subscription will be made to be like a new
 		subscription and the `Subscription` will lose all the history of generated invoices
@@ -736,8 +735,8 @@
 
 
 def get_prorata_factor(
-	period_end: datetime.date | str,
-	period_start: datetime.date | str,
+	period_end: DateTimeLikeObject,
+	period_start: DateTimeLikeObject,
 	is_prepaid: int | None = None,
 ) -> int | float:
 	if is_prepaid:
@@ -748,7 +747,7 @@
 	return diff / plan_days
 
 
-def process_all(subscription: str | None = None, posting_date: Optional["DateTimeLikeObject"] = None) -> None:
+def process_all(subscription: str | None = None, posting_date: DateTimeLikeObject | None = None) -> None:
 	"""
 	Task to updates the status of all `Subscription` apart from those that are cancelled
 	"""
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/report/deferred_revenue_and_expense/deferred_revenue_and_expense.py b/erpnext/accounts/report/deferred_revenue_and_expense/deferred_revenue_and_expense.py
index 7036009..ef993e4 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/report/deferred_revenue_and_expense/deferred_revenue_and_expense.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/report/deferred_revenue_and_expense/deferred_revenue_and_expense.py
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
 		for item in self.items:
 			item_total = item.calculate_item_revenue_expense_for_period()
 			# update invoice total
-			for idx, period in enumerate(self.period_list, 0):
+			for idx in range(len(self.period_list)):
 				self.period_total[idx].total += item_total[idx].total
 				self.period_total[idx].actual += item_total[idx].actual
 		return self.period_total
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
 		for inv in self.deferred_invoices:
 			inv_total = inv.calculate_invoice_revenue_expense_for_period()
 			# calculate total for whole report
-			for idx, period in enumerate(self.period_list, 0):
+			for idx in range(len(self.period_list)):
 				self.period_total[idx].total += inv_total[idx].total
 				self.period_total[idx].actual += inv_total[idx].actual
 
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/report/general_ledger/general_ledger.py b/erpnext/accounts/report/general_ledger/general_ledger.py
index 800d7a5..bee46c1 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/report/general_ledger/general_ledger.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/report/general_ledger/general_ledger.py
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
 				else:
 					update_value_in_dict(consolidated_gle, key, gle)
 
-	for key, value in consolidated_gle.items():
+	for value in consolidated_gle.values():
 		update_value_in_dict(totals, "total", value)
 		update_value_in_dict(totals, "closing", value)
 		entries.append(value)
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/gross_profit.py b/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/gross_profit.py
index 8e2d9c6..dd4546d 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/gross_profit.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/gross_profit.py
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@
 	def get_average_rate_based_on_group_by(self):
 		for key in list(self.grouped):
 			if self.filters.get("group_by") == "Invoice":
-				for i, row in enumerate(self.grouped[key]):
+				for row in self.grouped[key]:
 					if row.indent == 1.0:
 						if (
 							row.parent in self.returned_invoices
diff --git a/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/test_gross_profit.py b/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/test_gross_profit.py
index 8d15900..741ea46 100644
--- a/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/test_gross_profit.py
+++ b/erpnext/accounts/report/gross_profit/test_gross_profit.py
@@ -86,11 +86,14 @@
 			self.customer = customer.name
 
 	def create_sales_invoice(
-		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
+		self, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in sales invoice
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		sinv = create_sales_invoice(
 			qty=qty,
 			rate=rate,
@@ -115,11 +118,14 @@
 		return sinv
 
 	def create_delivery_note(
-		self, item=None, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=nowdate(), do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
+		self, item=None, qty=1, rate=100, posting_date=None, do_not_save=False, do_not_submit=False
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in Delivery Note
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		dnote = create_delivery_note(
 			company=self.company,
 			customer=self.customer,
diff --git a/erpnext/buying/doctype/purchase_order/test_purchase_order.py b/erpnext/buying/doctype/purchase_order/test_purchase_order.py
index 64bf132..c390edd 100644
--- a/erpnext/buying/doctype/purchase_order/test_purchase_order.py
+++ b/erpnext/buying/doctype/purchase_order/test_purchase_order.py
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@
 
 				supplier.on_hold = 0
 				supplier.save()
-			except:
+			except Exception:
 				pass
 			else:
 				raise Exception
diff --git a/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_accounts_controller.py b/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_accounts_controller.py
index 2105a3e..80799c3 100644
--- a/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_accounts_controller.py
+++ b/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_accounts_controller.py
@@ -139,13 +139,16 @@
 		qty=1,
 		rate=1,
 		conversion_rate=80,
-		posting_date=nowdate(),
+		posting_date=None,
 		do_not_save=False,
 		do_not_submit=False,
 	):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in sales invoice
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		sinv = create_sales_invoice(
 			qty=qty,
 			rate=rate,
@@ -170,10 +173,13 @@
 		)
 		return sinv
 
-	def create_payment_entry(self, amount=1, source_exc_rate=75, posting_date=nowdate(), customer=None):
+	def create_payment_entry(self, amount=1, source_exc_rate=75, posting_date=None, customer=None):
 		"""
 		Helper function to populate default values in payment entry
 		"""
+		if posting_date is None:
+			posting_date = nowdate()
+
 		payment = create_payment_entry(
 			company=self.company,
 			payment_type="Receive",
diff --git a/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_subcontracting_controller.py b/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_subcontracting_controller.py
index b0c57e9..dfd4351 100644
--- a/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_subcontracting_controller.py
+++ b/erpnext/controllers/tests/test_subcontracting_controller.py
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
 		scr2.set_missing_values()
 		scr2.submit()
 
-		for key, value in get_supplied_items(scr2).items():
+		for value in get_supplied_items(scr2).values():
 			self.assertEqual(value.qty, 4)
 
 		scr3 = make_subcontracting_receipt(sco.name)
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@
 		scr3.set_missing_values()
 		scr3.submit()
 
-		for key, value in get_supplied_items(scr3).items():
+		for value in get_supplied_items(scr3).values():
 			self.assertEqual(value.qty, 1)
 
 	def test_partial_transfer_serial_no_components_based_on_material_transfer(self):
diff --git a/erpnext/crm/doctype/appointment_booking_settings/appointment_booking_settings.py b/erpnext/crm/doctype/appointment_booking_settings/appointment_booking_settings.py
index 5286901..9997f97 100644
--- a/erpnext/crm/doctype/appointment_booking_settings/appointment_booking_settings.py
+++ b/erpnext/crm/doctype/appointment_booking_settings/appointment_booking_settings.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 import datetime
+import typing
 
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@
 		success_redirect_url: DF.Data | None
 	# end: auto-generated types
 
-	agent_list = []  # Hack
+	agent_list: typing.ClassVar[list] = []  # Hack
 	min_date = "01/01/1970 "
 	format_string = "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S"
 
diff --git a/erpnext/manufacturing/doctype/production_plan/production_plan.py b/erpnext/manufacturing/doctype/production_plan/production_plan.py
index 82075ad..80b1564 100644
--- a/erpnext/manufacturing/doctype/production_plan/production_plan.py
+++ b/erpnext/manufacturing/doctype/production_plan/production_plan.py
@@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@
 				so_item_details[sales_order][item_code] = details
 
 	mr_items = []
-	for sales_order, item_code in so_item_details.items():
+	for sales_order in so_item_details:
 		item_dict = so_item_details[sales_order]
 		for details in item_dict.values():
 			bin_dict = get_bin_details(details, doc.company, warehouse)
diff --git a/erpnext/manufacturing/report/exponential_smoothing_forecasting/exponential_smoothing_forecasting.py b/erpnext/manufacturing/report/exponential_smoothing_forecasting/exponential_smoothing_forecasting.py
index 6d91246..85648d6 100644
--- a/erpnext/manufacturing/report/exponential_smoothing_forecasting/exponential_smoothing_forecasting.py
+++ b/erpnext/manufacturing/report/exponential_smoothing_forecasting/exponential_smoothing_forecasting.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 						entry.get(self.based_on_field)
 					)
 
-		for key, value in self.period_wise_data.items():
+		for value in self.period_wise_data.values():
 			list_of_period_value = [value.get(p.key, 0) for p in self.period_list]
 
 			if list_of_period_value:
diff --git a/erpnext/patches/v12_0/update_due_date_in_gle.py b/erpnext/patches/v12_0/update_due_date_in_gle.py
index a1c4f51..6933110 100644
--- a/erpnext/patches/v12_0/update_due_date_in_gle.py
+++ b/erpnext/patches/v12_0/update_due_date_in_gle.py
@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@
 		frappe.reload_doc("accounts", "doctype", frappe.scrub(doctype))
 
 		frappe.db.sql(
-			""" UPDATE `tabGL Entry`, `tab{doctype}`
+			f""" UPDATE `tabGL Entry`, `tab{doctype}`
             SET
                 `tabGL Entry`.due_date = `tab{doctype}`.due_date
             WHERE
                 `tabGL Entry`.voucher_no = `tab{doctype}`.name and `tabGL Entry`.party is not null
                 and `tabGL Entry`.voucher_type in ('Sales Invoice', 'Purchase Invoice', 'Journal Entry')
-                and `tabGL Entry`.account in (select name from `tabAccount` where account_type in ('Receivable', 'Payable'))""".format(  # nosec
-				doctype=doctype
-			)
+                and `tabGL Entry`.account in (select name from `tabAccount` where account_type in ('Receivable', 'Payable'))"""
 		)
diff --git a/erpnext/selling/page/sales_funnel/sales_funnel.py b/erpnext/selling/page/sales_funnel/sales_funnel.py
index 155d21e..24bb0d2 100644
--- a/erpnext/selling/page/sales_funnel/sales_funnel.py
+++ b/erpnext/selling/page/sales_funnel/sales_funnel.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 		pivot_table = []
 		for sales_stage in sales_stages:
 			row = []
-			for source, sales_stage_values in summary.items():
+			for sales_stage_values in summary.values():
 				row.append(flt(sales_stage_values.get(sales_stage)))
 			pivot_table.append({"chartType": "bar", "name": sales_stage, "values": row})
 
diff --git a/erpnext/setup/doctype/holiday_list/test_holiday_list.py b/erpnext/setup/doctype/holiday_list/test_holiday_list.py
index 21dacc6..0d3c35f 100644
--- a/erpnext/setup/doctype/holiday_list/test_holiday_list.py
+++ b/erpnext/setup/doctype/holiday_list/test_holiday_list.py
@@ -112,7 +112,13 @@
 		frappe.local.lang = lang
 
 
-def make_holiday_list(name, from_date=getdate() - timedelta(days=10), to_date=getdate(), holiday_dates=None):
+def make_holiday_list(name, from_date=None, to_date=None, holiday_dates=None):
+	if from_date is None:
+		from_date = getdate() - timedelta(days=10)
+
+	if to_date is None:
+		to_date = getdate()
+
 	frappe.delete_doc_if_exists("Holiday List", name, force=1)
 	doc = frappe.get_doc(
 		{
diff --git a/erpnext/setup/doctype/transaction_deletion_record/transaction_deletion_record.py b/erpnext/setup/doctype/transaction_deletion_record/transaction_deletion_record.py
index 9fce0fe..18e4c7d 100644
--- a/erpnext/setup/doctype/transaction_deletion_record/transaction_deletion_record.py
+++ b/erpnext/setup/doctype/transaction_deletion_record/transaction_deletion_record.py
@@ -492,12 +492,7 @@
 def check_for_running_deletion_job(doc, method=None):
 	# Check if DocType has 'company' field
 	df = qb.DocType("DocField")
-	if (
-		not_allowed := qb.from_(df)
-		.select(df.parent)
-		.where((df.fieldname == "company") & (df.parent == doc.doctype))
-		.run()
-	):
+	if qb.from_(df).select(df.parent).where((df.fieldname == "company") & (df.parent == doc.doctype)).run():
 		is_deletion_doc_running(
 			doc.company, _("Cannot make any transactions until the deletion job is completed")
 		)
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/batch/test_batch.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/batch/test_batch.py
index 1adffae..3f37b7b 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/batch/test_batch.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/batch/test_batch.py
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@
 		self.assertTrue(receipt2.items[0].serial_and_batch_bundle)
 
 		batchwise_qty = frappe._dict({})
-		for receipt in [receipt, receipt2]:
-			batch_no = get_batch_from_bundle(receipt.items[0].serial_and_batch_bundle)
-			key = (batch_no, receipt.items[0].warehouse)
-			batchwise_qty[key] = receipt.items[0].qty
+		for r in [receipt, receipt2]:
+			batch_no = get_batch_from_bundle(r.items[0].serial_and_batch_bundle)
+			key = (batch_no, r.items[0].warehouse)
+			batchwise_qty[key] = r.items[0].qty
 
 		batches = get_batch_qty(batch_no)
 		for d in batches:
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/item_variant_settings/item_variant_settings.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/item_variant_settings/item_variant_settings.py
index 3ee46e4..277042c 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/item_variant_settings/item_variant_settings.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/item_variant_settings/item_variant_settings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2021, Frappe Technologies Pvt. Ltd. and contributors
 # For license information, please see license.txt
-
+import typing
 
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 		fields: DF.Table[VariantField]
 	# end: auto-generated types
 
-	invalid_fields_for_copy_fields_in_variants = ["barcodes"]
+	invalid_fields_for_copy_fields_in_variants: typing.ClassVar[list] = ["barcodes"]
 
 	def set_default_fields(self):
 		self.fields = []
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/packed_item/test_packed_item.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/packed_item/test_packed_item.py
index 3f87ced..24a302f 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/packed_item/test_packed_item.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/packed_item/test_packed_item.py
@@ -182,12 +182,12 @@
 		def sort_function(p):
 			return p.parent_item, p.item_code, p.qty
 
-		for sent, returned in zip(
+		for sent_item, returned_item in zip(
 			sorted(original, key=sort_function), sorted(returned, key=sort_function), strict=False
 		):
-			self.assertEqual(sent.item_code, returned.item_code)
-			self.assertEqual(sent.parent_item, returned.parent_item)
-			self.assertEqual(sent.qty, -1 * returned.qty)
+			self.assertEqual(sent_item.item_code, returned_item.item_code)
+			self.assertEqual(sent_item.parent_item, returned_item.parent_item)
+			self.assertEqual(sent_item.qty, -1 * returned_item.qty)
 
 	def test_returning_full_bundles(self):
 		from erpnext.stock.doctype.delivery_note.delivery_note import make_sales_return
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_entry/test_stock_entry.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_entry/test_stock_entry.py
index c4ead57..9d7e3ba 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_entry/test_stock_entry.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_entry/test_stock_entry.py
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 # License: GNU General Public License v3. See license.txt
 
 
-import frappe
 from frappe.permissions import add_user_permission, remove_user_permission
 from frappe.tests.utils import FrappeTestCase, change_settings
-from frappe.utils import add_days, flt, nowdate, nowtime, today
+from frappe.utils import add_days, flt, nowtime, today
 
 from erpnext.accounts.doctype.account.test_account import get_inventory_account
 from erpnext.controllers.accounts_controller import InvalidQtyError
@@ -533,10 +532,10 @@
 		self.assertTrue(sle)
 		sle.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
 
-		for i, sle in enumerate(sle):
-			self.assertEqual(expected_sle[i][0], sle[0])
-			self.assertEqual(expected_sle[i][1], sle[1])
-			self.assertEqual(expected_sle[i][2], sle[2])
+		for i, sle_value in enumerate(sle):
+			self.assertEqual(expected_sle[i][0], sle_value[0])
+			self.assertEqual(expected_sle[i][1], sle_value[1])
+			self.assertEqual(expected_sle[i][2], sle_value[2])
 
 	def check_gl_entries(self, voucher_type, voucher_no, expected_gl_entries):
 		expected_gl_entries.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_ledger_entry/test_stock_ledger_entry.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_ledger_entry/test_stock_ledger_entry.py
index 6c12b36..ce50155 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_ledger_entry/test_stock_ledger_entry.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_ledger_entry/test_stock_ledger_entry.py
@@ -915,14 +915,14 @@
 		receipt.submit()
 
 		expected_queues = []
-		for idx, rate in enumerate(rates, start=1):
+		for idx in range(1, len(rates) + 1):
 			expected_queues.append({"stock_queue": [[10, 10 * i] for i in range(1, idx + 1)]})
 		self.assertSLEs(receipt, expected_queues)
 
 		transfer = make_stock_entry(
 			item_code=item.name, source=source, target=target, qty=10, do_not_save=True, rate=10
 		)
-		for rate in rates[1:]:
+		for _ in rates[1:]:
 			row = frappe.copy_doc(transfer.items[0], ignore_no_copy=False)
 			transfer.append("items", row)
 
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@
 		repack = make_stock_entry(
 			item_code=rm.name, source=warehouse, qty=10, do_not_save=True, rate=10, purpose="Repack"
 		)
-		for rate in rates[1:]:
+		for _ in rates[1:]:
 			row = frappe.copy_doc(repack.items[0], ignore_no_copy=False)
 			repack.append("items", row)
 
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_reconciliation/stock_reconciliation.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_reconciliation/stock_reconciliation.py
index 0421f0f..913051a 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_reconciliation/stock_reconciliation.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/stock_reconciliation/stock_reconciliation.py
@@ -743,9 +743,7 @@
 
 				data.incoming_rate = (data.total_amount) / data.actual_qty
 
-		for key, value in merge_similar_entries.items():
-			new_sl_entries.append(value)
-
+		new_sl_entries.extend(merge_similar_entries.values())
 		return new_sl_entries
 
 	def get_gl_entries(self, warehouse_account=None):
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/doctype/warehouse/warehouse.py b/erpnext/stock/doctype/warehouse/warehouse.py
index 00ed00b..b05e31c 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/doctype/warehouse/warehouse.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/doctype/warehouse/warehouse.py
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
 	from frappe.utils.nestedset import get_descendants_of
 
 	children = get_descendants_of("Warehouse", warehouse, ignore_permissions=True, order_by="lft")
-	return children + [warehouse]  # append self for backward compatibility
+	return [*children, warehouse]  # append self for backward compatibility
 
 
 def get_warehouses_based_on_account(account, company=None):
diff --git a/erpnext/stock/report/cogs_by_item_group/cogs_by_item_group.py b/erpnext/stock/report/cogs_by_item_group/cogs_by_item_group.py
index b3c8e93..0711941 100644
--- a/erpnext/stock/report/cogs_by_item_group/cogs_by_item_group.py
+++ b/erpnext/stock/report/cogs_by_item_group/cogs_by_item_group.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 import datetime
 from collections import OrderedDict
-from typing import Union
 
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@
 Row = frappe._dict
 Data = list[Row]
 Columns = list[dict[str, str]]
-DateTime = Union[datetime.date, datetime.datetime]
+DateTime = datetime.date | datetime.datetime
 FilteredEntries = list[dict[str, str | float | DateTime | None]]
 ItemGroupsDict = dict[tuple[int, int], dict[str, str | int]]
 SVDList = list[frappe._dict]